Exploring the Rich Culture of Rice in India

Rice, often referred to as the “staple of India,” plays a pivotal role in the country’s agriculture and cuisine. With a staggering 43.86 million hectares of land dedicated to its cultivation, India boasts an impressive production level of 104.80 million tonnes of rice annually. However, beneath these impressive numbers lies a complex story.

Despite its prominence, India’s rice productivity stands at approximately 2390 kg per hectare, a figure that pales in comparison to many other nations. What’s more, nearly 90% of the cultivated land is owned by Marginal, Small, and Medium farmers, posing a unique challenge to boosting rice productivity nationwide.

Yet, amidst these challenges, lies a glimmer of hope. India holds vast potential for enhancing rice productivity. Comparatively, countries like China, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Bangladesh have achieved remarkable levels of rice productivity, with China leading the way at 6710 kg per hectare.

This status note aims to delve into the multifaceted landscape of rice cultivation in India, exploring the factors influencing its productivity and the interventions required to unlock its full potential. Notably, the cultivation of hybrid rice stands as a promising avenue for boosting productivity and will be a focal point of discussion. Join us as we navigate the intricate journey of rice in India, unearthing the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead.

Rice Growing Regions: A Mosaic of Diversity

India, often referred to as the “Land of Rice,” boasts an intricate tapestry of rice cultivation, with distinct regions contributing to the nation’s rice production. Each of these regions brings its unique characteristics, challenges, and flavors to the table.

North-Eastern Region: Where Monsoons Reign

States: Assam and North-Eastern states

The North-Eastern Region, with Assam at its heart, is a land where the mighty Brahmaputra River flows, nourishing the rice fields. Heavy rainfall defines this region, and rice cultivation primarily depends on rainfed conditions. The lush landscapes and unique rice varieties of the North-Eastern region add a distinct flavor to India’s rice basket.

Eastern Region: The Rice Bowl of India

States: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal

The Eastern Region, encompassing the vast basins of the Ganga and Mahanadi rivers, stands as the epicenter of rice cultivation in India. Here, the intensity of rice farming is unparalleled. Heavy monsoons play a pivotal role, and rainfed conditions dominate the agricultural landscape. The region’s rice production is not just substantial; it’s the lifeblood of millions.

Northern Region: Where Winter Bites

States: Haryana, Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu & Kashmir

The Northern Region presents a unique challenge with its low winter temperatures. Here, rice is grown as a single crop from May-July to September-December. The cool climate and specific cropping pattern create a distinct rice culture, often intertwined with other winter crops.

Western Region: Rainfed Beauty

States: Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan

In the Western Region, rice cultivation is largely rainfed, with the monsoons dictating the planting and harvesting seasons. This region sees rice growth from June-August to October-December. The harmonious coexistence of rice with other crops characterizes the agricultural landscape here.

Southern Region: The Deltaic Diversity

States: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu

The Southern Region, blessed with the deltaic tracts of Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery rivers, is a thriving hub of rice cultivation. Here, rice flourishes under irrigated conditions. Additionally, the non-deltaic rainfed areas of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh add another layer of diversity to the region’s rice farming practices.

Main Rice Growing Countries in the World

Rice, often referred to as the world’s most important cereal crop, feeds billions of people across the globe. Its cultivation and consumption are deeply embedded in the cultural, economic, and culinary traditions of many nations.

1. China: The Rice Giant

• Area: 30.58 million ha
• Production: 205.21 million tons
• Productivity: 6710 kg/ha
• Production %: 27.70

China stands as the world’s leading rice producer, with vast expanses of rice fields and impressive yields. Its rich history of rice cultivation and diverse rice varieties make it an undisputed rice giant on the global stage.

2. India: Where Rice is Life

• Area: 43.86 million ha
• Production: 104.80 million tons
• Productivity: 2390 kg/ha
• Production %: 21.81

India, often referred to as the “Land of Rice,” is a close second, both in terms of production and cultural significance. The nation’s diverse climates and rice varieties contribute to its substantial rice output.

3. Indonesia: Nurturing the Rice Bowl

• Area: 13.84 million ha
• Production: 71.29 million tons
• Productivity: 5152 kg/ha
• Production %: 9.62

Indonesia is renowned for its lush landscapes and thriving rice cultivation. The country’s commitment to rice farming plays a crucial role in ensuring food security for its population.

4. Bangladesh: The Rising Star

• Area: 11.78 million ha
• Production: 51.50 million tons
• Productivity: 4376 kg/ha
• Production %: 6.95

Bangladesh has emerged as a significant player in the global rice market. Its rapid growth in rice production showcases the nation’s dedication to meeting the dietary needs of its people.

5. Vietnam: A Rice Marvel

• Area: 7.90 million ha
• Production: 44.04 million tons
• Productivity: 5573 kg/ha
• Production %: 5.94

Vietnam’s remarkable rice productivity and export capabilities have earned it a distinguished place among the world’s top rice-growing nations.

Status of Rice in the country

The status of rice in India is a testament to the nation’s agricultural prowess and the significance of this crop in the lives of its people. Rice, being one of the most vital food crops, plays a pivotal role in sustaining over 60 percent of the Indian population. Over the decades, the trajectory of rice cultivation in the country has witnessed remarkable growth and transformation.

Expansion in Rice Cultivation:

• In 1950-51, the area under rice cultivation stood at 30.81 million hectares. Fast forward to 2014-15, and this area has expanded significantly to a staggering 43.86 million hectares, marking a remarkable increase of nearly 142 percent.

Surge in Rice Production:

• The rice production statistics tell an equally compelling story. In 1950-51, India produced 20.58 million tonnes of rice. By 2014-15, this figure had surged to an impressive 104.86 million tonnes, nearly quintupling over the years.

Yield Improvement:

• The per-hectare yield of rice, a critical measure of agricultural efficiency, has also shown significant progress. In 1950-51, the yield was a modest 668 kg per hectare. However, by 2014-15, it had risen substantially to 2390 kg per hectare, reflecting advancements in agricultural practices and technologies.

Major Rice-Producing States:

• While rice is grown in almost every state in India, five states stand out as the major contributors to the nation’s rice production. These states are West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, and Tamil Nadu. Notably, West Bengal alone accounts for 15 percent of the total rice production in the country.

Agronomic Practices:

• Successful rice cultivation in India involves meticulous agronomic practices, including land preparation, seed treatment, and various sowing methods such as broadcasting and transplanting. These practices vary based on regional conditions and preferences.

Manures and Fertilizer Management:

• The management of manures and fertilizers plays a crucial role in optimizing rice productivity. Farmers in India typically apply nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, along with organic manures, based on soil test results. This approach helps reduce input costs while ensuring optimum yields.

Water Management:

• Efficient water management is essential for successful rice cultivation, especially in irrigated fields. Proper leveling and drainage are key factors that contribute to good tillering, effective nitrogen uptake, and weed control.

The status of rice in India reflects not only the nation’s agricultural achievements but also its commitment to ensuring food security for its vast and diverse population. The journey of rice cultivation in India is a testament to the resilience and innovation of its farmers and the enduring importance of this staple crop.

Plant Protection: Nurturing Crop Health and Yield

In the intricate tapestry of agriculture, plant protection stands as a vital thread that safeguards crops from the threats of pests, diseases, and weeds. Successful plant protection not only ensures the health and vitality of crops but also plays a pivotal role in securing robust yields for farmers.

Weed Management: Taming the Unwanted Intruders

Weeds, the persistent invaders of crop fields, pose a considerable challenge to rice cultivation, especially in unpuddled fields. Controlling these unwanted intruders demands careful attention and action. Typically, 2-3 hoeing sessions or manual weed picking become necessary to keep weeds in check. Additionally, the use of herbicides such as Anilophos, Butachlor, Anilophos+Ethoxysulfuron, Pyrosulfuron-ethyl, Almix +Butachlor, Fentrazamide, and Cinmethyline+2,4D proves effective in managing weed populations.

Disease Management: Safeguarding Crop Health

Diseases in rice can significantly impact crop health and productivity. To combat these threats, various control measures are employed:

• For Khiara, a solution of 5kg zinc with 2.5 kg lime in 1000 liters of water per hectare is applied ten days after transplanting.
• Blast is managed through seed treatment with thiram or tricyclazole, both of which prove effective in preventing the disease.
• Brown spot is controlled by seed treatment with either Carbendazim 50wp or Mancozeb 75wp.
• To combat Bacterial leaf blight, seed treatment with a combination of streptocycline and Carbendazim 50 W.P. is applied, enhancing seed health.

Insect Control: Protecting Against Tiny Threats

Insects, often minuscule yet potent threats to rice crops, require vigilant control measures:

• Gundhi bug is managed through the application of Carbaryl 50 wp during afternoon hours.
• To tackle the Stem Borer, spraying Cartap 50 wp or chlorpyriphos 20EC proves effective.
• Brown plant hopper is controlled by spraying Imidacloprid 200Sl.

Harvesting and Threshing: Culmination of Careful Cultivation

The culmination of meticulous care in rice cultivation leads to the harvest season. It is essential to harvest the crop when the grains turn yellow and the moisture content falls below 25 percent. Harvesting and threshing can be carried out manually or with the assistance of combine harvesters and threshers, marking the culmination of the plant protection journey and the beginning of a bountiful harvest.

Export and Import of Rice: A Global Perspective

Rice, often described as the world’s most essential cereal crop, not only nourishes billions but also fuels international trade and commerce.

Basmati Rice: A Prized Export Commodity

Basmati rice, renowned for its fragrant aroma and long grains, holds a special place in the hearts of rice connoisseurs worldwide. The export of Basmati rice has witnessed notable growth over the years:

• In the year 2010-11, India exported 23.71 lakh tonnes of Basmati rice.
• By 2015-16, this figure had surged to an impressive 40.45 lakh tonnes, marking the highest export volume during this period.

Interestingly, the import of Basmati rice in India remains negligible, with only 0.0046 lakh tonnes recorded in the year 2010-11. This underlines the country’s robust production and global reputation for quality Basmati rice.

Non-Basmati Rice: A Fluctuating Export Endeavor

India, a significant rice producer, also exports a substantial quantity of non-Basmati rice to various corners of the world. However, the export of non-Basmati rice has been subject to fluctuations, primarily influenced by government policies:

• In the fiscal year 2010-11, India exported 1.01 lakh tonnes of non-Basmati rice.
• This export volume surged significantly to 82.25 lakh tonnes during the fiscal year 2014-15, showcasing the versatile appeal of non-Basmati rice in international markets.

As we journey through the dynamics of rice trade, we will uncover the forces at play in the global rice market, from the alluring aroma of Basmati to the ever-changing landscape of non-Basmati exports. Join us as we explore the fascinating world of rice trade, where grains transcend borders, connecting nations through a shared appreciation for this essential staple.

Minimum Support Price of Rice

The Minimum Support Price (MSP) for rice, specifically paddy, plays a crucial role in ensuring the economic well-being of farmers in India. These MSPs are determined by the Department of Agriculture & Cooperation based on the recommendations provided by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). This system has been in place since the fiscal year 2012-13 and continues to guide pricing policies for paddy until at least 2023-24.

Minimum Support Prices for Kharif Marketing Season (KMS) 2023-24

(Rs. per quintal)

Crops	MSP 2014-15	MSP 2022-23	MSP 2023-24	Cost* KMS 2023-24	Increase in MSP over 2022-23	Margin over cost in per cent
Paddy -Common	1360	2040	2183	1455	143	50
Paddy-Grade A^	1400	2060	2203	–	143	–

The cultivation of rice in India, a vital component of its agricultural landscape, is supported and enhanced through a range of comprehensive programmes and schemes. These initiatives, spearheaded by the Crops Division of the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation, and Farmers Welfare (DAC & FW), are designed to boost rice production, improve productivity, and empower farmers across the nation.

National Food Security Mission (NFSM)

Under the banner of NFSM, a multifaceted initiative, rice is a prominent focus. NFSM encompasses several aspects of crop development and productivity enhancement, not only for rice but also for wheat, pulses, coarse cereals, and commercial crops such as cotton, jute, and sugarcane. Some key features of NFSM for rice include:

• Implementation in 25 states, targeting 199 potential districts with significant rice cultivation.
• Selection of districts with over 50,000 hectares of rice cultivation area and productivity below the state average.
• Promotion of crop production technologies through cluster demonstrations and cropping system demonstrations.
• Distribution of quality seeds less than 10 years old, emphasizing integrated nutrient management (INM) and integrated pest management (IPM).
• Providing farmers with efficient farm machines to reduce cultivation costs.
• Encouraging the judicious use of water through micro-irrigation systems and water conveyance pipes.
• Training farmers in modern crop production technologies, including timely sowing, recommended seed rates, and best practices.
• Promoting cropping system approaches to optimize rice fallow areas for pulses and oilseeds cultivation.
• Supporting farmers with improved seeds, farm implements, irrigation devices, plant protection chemicals, bio-pesticides, and soil ameliorants.
• Introduction of initiatives like free distribution of seed mini-kits, creation of seed hubs, and strengthening bio-fertilizer and bio-agent labs.

Bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India (BGREI)

The BGREI programme, initiated as a sub-scheme of the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) in 2010-11, focuses on increasing crop productivity, especially in rice-based cropping systems, in Eastern India. This region comprises seven states, namely Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. The objectives of BGREI include:

• Boosting crop productivity through the adoption of recommended agricultural technologies and practices.
• Conducting demonstrations and introducing new seed varieties, farm machines, nutrients, and pesticides.
• Implementing knowledge-based interventions tailored for different agro-climatic zones.
• Integrating marketing support and post-harvest technologies into the programme.
• Incorporating interventions such as seed distribution, seed production incentives for newer rice varieties/hybrids, micro-nutrients, soil ameliorants, plant protection chemicals, and advanced machinery like laser land levelers.

These rice-centric programmes and schemes signify the government’s commitment to ensuring the prosperity of rice cultivation, supporting farmers, and enhancing food security across India. Through a combination of modern technologies, best practices, and knowledge sharing, these initiatives continue to elevate rice production and empower the agricultural community.

Major Rice Producing Countries in the World (Milled production in million tonnes)

Country	2021-22	2022-23*	Change over 2021-22
China	148.99	145.95	-3.04
India	130.29	125.00	-5.29
Indonesia	34.40	34.60	0.20
Vietnam	26.77	27.23	0.46
Thailand	19.88	20.10	0.22
Burma	12.35	12.50	0.15
Philippines	12.54	12.41	-0.13
Japan	7.67	7.45	-0.22
Pakistan	9.32	6.60	-2.72
Brazil	7.34	7.24	-0.10

State wise area under Paddy in India

STATE	Lakh ha (2021-22)	Lakh acres (2021-22)	% to total area (2021-22)	Lakh ha (2022-23)	Lakh acres (2022-23)	% to total area (2021-22)
Telangana	14.50	35.83	36.34	23.23	57.40	42.22
Tamilanadu	11.78	29.11	29.52	12.21	30.17	22.19
Andhra Pradesh	6.75	16.68	16.92	5.51	13.62	10.01
Assam	1.52	3.76	3.81	1.84	4.55	3.34
Kerala	0.88	2.17	2.21	0.83	2.05	1.51
Other	4.47	11.05	11.20	11.40	28.17	20.72
Total	39.90	98.59	100.00	55.02	135.96	100.00

References:

• https://pjtsau.edu.in/
• http://tsmarketing.in/
• www.agmarknet.gov.in
• https://www.nfsm.gov.in/